ࡱ>  FY7bjbjWW%_==r> ]fffzzzz8^ $ z(9h 7CET$f/G2*9/G/G/G^8fzz/Gxv Nf;0 !2>53> 5;0 .@89   0 CB8 : 5B0187=5AC ==>B0F8O =830 O2;O5BAO >B25B>F80;L=K9 70:07 ?> @07@01>B:5 :0G5AB25==> =>2>3> ?>4E>40 : ?>=8<0=8N B5G5AB25==>3> ?@54?@8=8 @0, 83@K205=>9=K A 0?04>=83>, GB> B>;L:> 2 B0;0=B;8259H8E @>AA89A:8E ?@54?@8=8AA88. 5 ?>43>B>288E 5@5A25B>2 ?@>B82 8E >GC1552, AG8B05B >=, ?@>83@051K45==>9 687=8 ?@54?@8=853> @>40 45@OI8< F5;K5 A0. > ACB8 A2>59, ?@54?@8=8 2A5340 5ABL :@0B:>5 ?>2B>@5=85 0:B0 B2>@5=8O. #A?5H5= 65 ?@54?@8=8B> A?>A>15= ?>=OBL C=825@A0;L=K5 70:>=K 1KB8O 8 AB@>8BL 70B55 45;>, ?>=83@0=8G5=8O, =0:;04K2055 MB8=0340 E0>A AB0=>28BAO 3;8=>9, 87 :>B>@>9 6=> ;5?8BL 2A5, GB> C3>4=>. =830 =07K205BAO 0 CB8 : 5B0187=5AC. -B> >7=0G05B, GB> 2A5 5I5 2?5@548. -B>B ?CBL 208B ?@>9B8 2<5AB5 A .@85@>7>@>30 =5 ?>:065BAO 209. !45;09B5 H03. @548A;>285 (:>;0 ?@54?@8=8B .@8O >@>70 =83C, :>B>@CN K, C20605<K9 G8B0B5;L 45@68B5 2 @C:0E, 6=> 1K;> 1K A>?@>2>48BL ?>4703>;>2:>B5@8:C 187=5A0 =0 =0?8A0=0 4;O B5E, :B> E>G5B ?>AB@>8BL A2>5 45;> =0 =5A;CG09=KE >A=>20=8OE. 5 02B>@ @>AA89A:89 ?@54?@8=8 ?@>@01>B02H89 =0 >B5G5AB25==>< @K=:5. @54;0305<0O 8@8O A=>20=0 =0 53> ;8G=>9 ?@0:B8:5 8 >1>1I5=88 2A53> ;CGH53> 87 B>3>, GB> =0@01>B0=> 2 @>AA89A:>9 8 2>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 ?> 187=5AC. 5B0187=5A 5ABL 45OB5;L=>ABL ?> A>740=8N 8 C?@02;5=8N 187=5A0=0;L=> ;0, 2 B5;5 :>B>@>9 2>76=> AB0=>2;5=85 A>2@53> ?@54?@8=8 0=0;>388 A >1CG5=85;0E 1>52KE 8A:CAAB2. =830 .@8O >@>70 >B25B =0 A>F80;L=K9 70:07 ?> @07@01>B:5 :0G5AB25==> =>2>3> ?>4E>40 : ?>=8<0=8N B5G5AB25==>3> ?@54?@8=8 @0, 83@K205=>9=K A 0?04>=83>, GB> B>;L:> 2 B0;0=B;8259H8E @>AA89A:8E ?@54?@8=8AA88. 5 ?>43>B>288E 5@5A25B>2 ?@>B82 8E >GC1552, AG8B05B >=, ?@>83@05AA89A:89 ?@54?@8=8;65= A>>B25BAB2>20BL 25AL<0 65AB:820=8O<, ?@54JO2;O5<K2@59 M?>E>9. !@548 MB8E B@51>20=89 6=> 2K45;8BL 2>77@5=G5A:85 (:0@B8=0 ;6=0 1KBL ?@82545=0 2 A>>B25BAB285 A :>=5G=K<8 F5;O<8 ?@54?@8=89 45OB5;L=>AB8), MB8G5A:85, 2>;52K5, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5, :><@30=870F8>==K5. > >?@545;5=8N .. >@>70, ?@54?@8=8 G5;>25:, 2=54@ONI89 A2>5 (8;8 GC6>5) 187=5A-87>1@5B5=85, >1;040NI89 A?>A>1=>ABLN 2=CH5=8O 8 A?>A>1=K9 @0745;8BL ?@81K;L ?> A?@0254;82>AB8. '5;>25: =5 2=54@ONI89 187=5A-87>1@5B5=85, =5 ?@54?@8=8AB> :0?8B0;8AB.  >1K45==>9 687=8 ?@54?@8=853> @>40 45@OI8< F5;K5 A0. > ACB8 A2>59, ?@54?@8=8 2A5340 5ABL :@0B:>5 ?>2B>@5=85 0:B0 B2>@5=8O. #A?5H5= 65 ?@54?@8=8B> A?>A>15= ?>=OBL C=825@A0;L=K5 70:>=K 1KB8O 8 AB@>8BL 70B55 45;>, ?>=83@0=8G5=8O, =0:;04K2055 MB8=0340 E0>A AB0=>28BAO 3;8=>9, 87 :>B>@>9 6=> ;5?8BL 2A5, GB> C3>4=>. ;02=K3@0=8G5=8OAB8 ?@54?@8=8@20=85 MB8:5 AB0=>28BAO =5 @57C;LB0B>1@>9 2>;8 ?@54?@8=8A=>2=K285 CA?5E0. .. >@>7 >=B>;>3878@C5B MB8:C, =045;O5B MB8G5A:85 70:>=K D0:B>1J5:B82=>3> 1KB8O. >@O4>G=>ABL ?@54?@8=815A?5G8205B 53> A>>B25BAB285 2A5;5=A:8=09 A2O78, AB0=>28BAO 4CE>2=K< A;C65=85 ;8HL 8=AB@C<5=B.  A0A>1 B@5=8@>2:8 =5>1E>482 =0 ?CB8 4CE>2=>9 A00:BC0;870F88. >;52K5 :0G5AB20 ?@54?@8=872>;ONB 59B8 MB>B ?CBL, ?@5>4>;520O 2=CB@5==85 8 2=5H=85 ?@5?OBAB28O. 2B>@ 4>AB0B>G=> ?>4@>1=> >?8AK205B 345 87KA:820BL M=5@38N 4;O @50;870F88 187=5A-8459. !>1AB25==>, >4=0 87 7040G :=838 8 A>AB>8B 2 B>1K 40BL >B25B =0 2>?@>A, :0: A>25@H8BL =52>76=>5 =0 <8=8<C=8G5A:0O CAB0;>ABL =0H8E 187=5A2 AB0=>28BAO A53>4=O =574>@>2>9 70:>=>ABLN). ><8 ?>AB@>5=8O :0@B8=K 2:8 2>;52KE :0G5AB2 ?@54?@8=81E>48 >A=0AB8BL A2>9 8=B5;;5:B =02K:0740=8O 187=5A-8459. "2>@G5AB2> MB> 107>20O 45OB5;L=>ABL ?@54?@8=84;8==K9 187=5A ?>AB@>5= =0 A8;L=KE @5H5=8OE. 2B>@ ?>:07K205B, :0: MB> 2>76=> =0 >A=>25 B0:8E I=KE M2@8AB8G5A:8E B5E=>;>389 :0: "  8 . ><<C=8:0B82=K5 =02K:8, C ?@54?@8=81E>48F5AA @50;870F8O 187=5A-8458. ..>@>7 >?8AK205B ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B5E=8:8, ?>72>;ONI85 C?@02;OBL GC682545=85<. @8G5= ?@54;0305B B>;L:> B>, GB> >?@>1>20=> 8< A0<8>1I5 >BACBAB2C5B 01AB@0:B=>5 B5>@5B878@>20=85, 0 A0@>9 2>A?@8=82>5 C?@06=5=85. ;02=>5 C@. =830 =07K205BAO 0 ?CB8 :  >7=0G05B, GB> 2A5 5I5 2?5@548. -B>B ?CBL 208B ?@>9B8 2<5AB5 A .@85@>7>@>30 =5 ?>:065BAO 209. !45;09B5 H03. !5@359 @5G8H=8:>2, :.D.=., :>=AC;LB0=B ?> C?@02;5=8N. 2545=85 0: ?8H5B 3 0=48=> 2 A2>59 :=835 ;NG : ;CGH59 687=8: 653>4=> ?C1;8:C5BAO ?@8 ?OBL45AOB ?OBL BKAOG =>2KE :=83, 8 2 B>< 5 8@B8;L:8E BKAOG =0820=89 :0: 2 B25@4>9, B0: 8 2 9 >1;>6:5. 4=0:> 87 2A5E :=83, :>B>@K5 2K 3;8 G8B0BL 2 MB>B  2KA:07K20=85 25@=> 2 B> 2K G8B05B5 :=83C 0 ?CB8 : B GB> ?8H5B 3 0=48=> 40;55: >:, A>2?045=85, C40G0, A;CG09=>ABL? / B0: =5 4C 2 B5G5=85 =0H59 687=8 >3 3>:@0B=> >B:@K205B ?5@54 =0;5?=K5 2>76=>AB8, 2>7428305B 10@L5@K, :>B>@K5 :06CBAO =5?@5>4>;8<K9 B@035488. ">, :0: <K @5038@C5< 8;8 =5 @5038@C5?@545;O5B =0H5 1C4CI55, :0: 5A;8 1K 20;8 2 =515A=>9 H0E9 ?0@B88, AB02:>9 2 :>B>@>9 A;C68B =0H0 AC4L10. !;CG09=> ;8 B>, GB> <K A 20<C =5 25@N. 0: A:070; MB !M@ >;@846, !;CG09 MB> ;8HL ?A524>=830 4;O B5E >A>15==KE A>1KB89, :>340 = =5 E>G5B >B:@KB> >1>7=0G0BL A2>5 ?@8ACBAB285. "59 :=835, =5 A;CG09=0. 87=5A, CA?5E 2 187=5A5 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 45=L38, 2A5340 (B>G=55, ?>GB8 2A5340) 8;LH>5 7=0G5=85 2 687=8 ;N459. "K ?@54?>G;0 @3>2FC B =04>;3> ;8? 45 45=53 27OBL #6C C1>:> (> -@>B8G5A:85 B0=:8 04C20BL =0456=>. 5@2>5, B0: :0: ?@545;8BL A0@>H> 8;8 ?;>E> O ?8HC, O @5H8; =0 80, 0 65B 8 1>;LH5 ?@>F5=B>2 8A?>;L7>20BL B5:ABK 8725AB=KE, ?>?C;O@=KE, 02B>@8B5B=KE 02B>@>2. C4@>ABL (>C-0> 1573@0=8G=0, ?>B> >=0 =5 >B25@305B AB8, ?@8H54H59 A> AB>@>=K. 8  "0: :0: 4>:070=> (8=B5@5A=>, :AB0B8, :5 >=8 ?8HCB E>@>H>, B> 6=> 30@0=B8@>20BL, GB> =0 80% 8 MB>B B5:AB =0?8A0= E>@>H>. "5;55 :0: A:070; !B5=40;L: 8A0B5;L =5 4>;65= 4C :@8B8:5, B0: 65 :0: A>;40B > 3>A?8B0;5. / AB0@0;AO F8B8@>20BL B>;L:> E>@>H8E ?8A0B5;59. 'B> B0:>5 E>@>H89 ?8A0B5;L? ">B, C :>B>@>3> C:@0ABL =5 3@5E. 25AA0;>42>4=K9 B>@>5, B5 B578AK, A :>B>@K<8 2K 65B5 ?>7=0:><8BLAO =865, =5 8. > : A>60;5=8N, O =5 ?>7=020; 8E 2 B09=>9 8;8, 3>2>@O B>G=55, M7>B5@8G5A:>9 H:>;5 ?@54?@8=8AL ?>;L7>20BLAO B>;L:> >B:@KBKG=8:0-A2>5A9 ?5@540G8 "09=>3> =0=8O O2;O5BAO 3;02=>9 >A>15==>ABLN 2A5E =5B@048F8>==KE H:>;. # @07=KE H:>; @07=K5 ?CB8, => :>=5G=0O F5;L >4=0. (:>;K 1>52KE 8A:CAAB2, 9>38,  ACI=>ABL 8E 548=0. 8  >, ?>G5<C, =5AB@O =0 B>, GB> 7=0=8O ;CGH5 2A53> ?5@540NBAO =5?>A@54AB25==> >B G5;>25:0 : G5;>25:C 8E 2A5-B0:8 70?8AK20NB? =05HL ;8, 9 <0;5=L:89 1@0B, 3> ?5G0;L=KE 8AB>@89 5ABL 2  A0@88 MB> 8AB>@88 > ?>B5@O==>B5@8G5A:>9 H:>;K 187=5A0 ?>:0 =5 ACI5AB2C5B, ?> :@09=59  B0:>2>9, => 7=0=8O, :>B>@K5 B0< 3;8 1K 4020BLAO (@07C25G5A:>9 :C;LBC@5 C65 ACI5AB2CNB 8 O ?>?KB0;AO 8E A>1@0BL. >B GB> ?8H5B > ?>8A:5 7=0=89 5B@ #A?5=A:89: B?@02;OOAL 2 ?CBL, O 7=0;, GB> 54C 8A:0BL H:>;C 8;8 H:>;K. #65 402=> ?@8HQ; O : C15645=8N > =5>1E>48AB8 H:>;K. / ?>=O;, GB> ;8G=K5, 8=48284C0;L=K5 CA8;8O =54>AB0B>G=K, GB> =5>1E>48 2>9B8 2 A>?@8:>A=>25=85 A @50;L=>9 8 682>9 B>@0O 4>;6=0 345-B> ACI5AB2>20BL, => A :>B>@>9  H:>;K ACI5AB2CNB, => 2 B> 65 2@5 H:>;K, > :>B>@KE O A;KH0; 8 A :>B>@K<8 AC9B8 2 A>?@8:>A=>25=85, 1K;8 =5 4;O ;K >B:@>25==> @5;838>7=>3> 8;8 ?>;C@5;838>7=>3> E0@0:B5@0 O2;O;8AL >?@545;5==> :>=D5AA8>=0;L=K A2>5=C. 5=O MB8 H:>;K =5 ?@82;5:0;8 3;02=K1@07>3>, GB> 5A;8 1K O 8A:0; @5;838>7=K9 ?CBL, O 3 1K =09B8 53> 2 >AA88. @C385 H:>;K 1K;8 A;53:0 A5=B83> @0;L=>-@5;838>7=>3> B8?0 A =0;5B>< 0A:5B87<0, :0:, =0?@8;K CG5=8:>2 8;8 ?>A;54>20B5;59 0<0:@8H=K. ! MB8;0 O GC2AB2>20;, GB> >=8 =5 >1;040NB 8AB8==K< 7=0=85<. "0: =07K205;K 9>38 >A=>2K20;8AL =0 >1@5B5=88 A>AB>O=8O B@0=A0; =0 9 273;O4, >=8 ?@81;860;8AL ?> A2>59 ?@8@>45 : A?8@8B87<C, 8 O =5 3 825@8BL: 2A5 8E 4>AB865=8O 1K;8 8;8 A0>1<; 8;8 B5 ?@02>A;02=K5 <8AB8:8 (O 8<5N 2 284C @CAA:CN =0H5A:CN ;8B5@0BC@C) =07K20NB ?@5;5ABLN 8;8 8A:CH5=8520; 5I5 >48= B8? H:>;, A :>B>@K<8 O =5 A3 CAB0=>28BL :>=B0:B, => > :>B>@KE A;KH0;. -B8 H:>;K >15I0;8 >G5=L 3>5, >4=0:> 8 >G5=L 3>3> B@51>20;8. =8 B@51>20;8 2A53> A@07C. =5 ?@8H;>AL 1K >AB0BLAO 2 =488 8 >B1@>A8BL  2>72@0I5=88 2 2@>?C, >B:070BLAO >B A>1AB25==KE 8459 8 ?;0=>2, 84B8 ?> 4>@>35, > :>B>@>9 O =5 3 =8G53> C7=0BL 70@0=55. -B8 H:>;K <5=O 25AL20;8, 0 ;N48, :>B>@K5 A>?@8:0A0;8AL A =8<8 8 @0AA:07K20;8  =8E, O2=> >B;8G0;8AL >B ;N459 >1KG=>3> B8?0. > 2A5-B0:8 AL, GB> 4>;6=K ACI5AB2>20BL H:>;K 1>;55 @0F8>=0;L=>3> 2840, GB> G5;>25: 8 E>BO 1K 4> >?@545;5==>3> ?C=:B0 7=0BL, :C40 >= 845B. 4=>2@5 A MB8 :0:>5 1K =0720=85 =8 =>A8;0 H:>;0 >::C;LB=0O, M7>B5@8G5A:0O 8;8 H:>;0 9>38, >=0 4>;6=0 =0E>48BLAO =0 >1KG=>;0, 1C4L B> H:>;0 682>?8A8, B0=F52 8;8 =O;, GB>  H:>;0E =0 8=>AB> ?@87=0: A;01>AB8, A2845B5;LAB2> B>3>, GB>  ?>4;8==KE 8A:0=89 70=O;8 4=> 87 =0H8E 3;02=KE ?@5?OBAB289 =0 ?CB8 : GC45A=>8A:0E GC45A=>3> =>3>;5B=85 @07 ?@54?@8=89 45OB5;L=>AB8 ?@825;8 <5=O : A;54CNI5<C. A;8 A@02=8BL ?@54?@8=825:>2;0452H8AB>G=K52K <K 654=K5 ?@>1;5<K. 0?@8<5@, ?@54?@8=8 2;8O5B =0 687=L >3@>3> :>;8G5AB20 ;N459, GB> 65B ?@825AB8, 8 8=>340 ?@82>48B, : G5;>25G5A:8< B@03548O< 8 4065 A<5@BO<. "0:81@07>;0E :0@0BM 8;8 :C=3-DC, =0 ?5@2>5  2 >1CG5=88 ?@54?@8=81E>48 AB028BL 4CE>2=K5, =@02AB25==K5 :0G5AB20 1C4CI53> ?@54?@8=8;L:> 70;>682 ?@>G=K9 4CE>2=K9 DC=40<5=B 6=> =0G8=0BL >1CG0BL :>=:@5B=K< ?@85<0-2B>@KE, ?@54?@8=81;0405B (1;03>40@O 45=L30;LH>9 2;0ABLN =04 ;N4L O2;O5BAO 1>;LH8< 8A:CH5=85<, B0: 65 :0: 4;O 52>3> 8A:CAAB20 O2;O5BAO 8A:CH5=8576=>ABL 4>:07K20BL A2>N ?@02>BC A ?>ILN A8;K. -B@5BL8E, ?@54?@8=828OE :>=:C@5=F88, 8 B0:81@07> 5ABL @50;L=K5 ?@>B82=8:8, GB> B@51C5B :0: >?@545;5==>9 A?>@B82=>9 MB8:8, B0: 8 70?@5I5=8O ?@852, 3CI8E ?@825AB8 2@54 ;N4O25AB8 B>, G53> 4>18205BAO ?@54?@8=8 ;>38G5A:>3> :>=F0, B> <K C2848 ;>38G5A:8=F>< O2;O5BAO 2>5 M:>=>5 3>A?>4AB2>, >B G53> @C:>9 ?>40BL 8 4> 3>A?>4AB20 =5 B>;L:> M:>=>3>, GB> 70AB02;O5B 704C B><, =0 GLN 4C ?@54?@8=8<0B5;8. "0:81@07>AB028BL 2> 3;02C C3;0, :0: >A=>2=CN F5;L 187=5A0 ?@81K;L, B> MB> =587156=> ?@82545B : 15A?>I04=>9 1>@L15 70 M:>=>5 3>A?>4AB2>, 345 2A5 4K E>@>H8 8 ;N48 O2;ONBAO B>;L:> @07<5==K<8 D83C@0;030BL F5;L 687=8 2 CA?5E5, B> 3>@074> 5AB5AB25==55 1KBL ?>4;5F><, G5@O4>G=K25:> ;O ;N1>3> @07C3> G5;>25:0, :>B>@K9 70=O;AO 187=5A>5=85 ;>BKABLN =587156=> 2>7=8:05B. ">;L:> ;>6=>5 CG5=85 > G5;>25G5A:>9 687=8, :0: > ACI5AB2>20=88 682>B=>3> >B @>645=8O 4> AB>@>A?8BK205BAO 8 ?>445@6820NBAO ;N48, ?@>872>48B B> 5 A>AB>O=85 @0742>5=8O, 2 :>B>@>5 2ABC?0NB ;N48 ?@8 >1=0@C65=88 2 =8E 8E @07C3> A>7=0=8O. '5;>25:C, =0E>4OI5 687=L @074208205BAO 2 =525: 7=05B, GB> 687=L 53> >4=0, 0 GC2AB2C5B 8E 425. '5;>25:, ?5@5:@CB82 420 ?0;LF0 8 <564C =8 H0@8: >48=, => GC2AB2C5B 8E 420. 5GB> ?>4>1=>5 ?@>8AE>48B A G5;>25:>82H86=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 687=8. 07C25:0 ;>6=> =0?@02;5=. 3> =0CG8;8 ?@87=020BL 687=LN >4=> A2>5 ?;>BA:>5 ACI5AB2>20=85, :>B>@>5 =5 65B 1KBL 687=LN. ! B0:86=K< ?@54AB02;5=85 2>>1@06059 687=8 >= 273;O=C; =0 687=L 8 C2840; 8E 425 BC, :>B>@CN >= 2>>1@060; > A515, 8 BC, :>B>@0O 459AB28B5;L=> 5ABL. .. ">;AB>9  687=8 'B> 65 B>340 65B AB0BL F5;LN, 5A;8 A0<C ?@54?@8=8ABL =5 >B1@0AK20BL :0: B0:>2CN? "CB =0< 8 65B ?>GL 0=0;>38O A 1>52K<8 8A:CAAB20-?5@2KE, MB> =5>1E>48 4;O 70I8BK >B M:>=>3> =0?045=8O 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O M:>=>A>10 :>=B@>;O 8 =02O7K20=8O A2>59 2>;8, :0: 4;O >B45;L=>3> G5;>25:0, B0: 8 4;O 3@C??K ;N459 8 3>AC40@AB20. >-2B>@KE, ?> A?8A:C 8 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L ?> 7=0G5=8N, 4;O A>1AB25==>3> @0728B8O, :0: 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> B0: 8 4CE>2=>3>. "> 5ABL ?@54?@8=8ABL AB0=>28BAO B>;L:> ?>;83>=>2>G=K25@:8 C@>2=O @0728B8O G5;>25:0, 53> A?>A>1=>AB8 CAB>OBL ?5@54 8A:CH5=8O<8. 0: 8A:CH5=85< 45=L30<8, B0: 8 8A:CH5=859, 8A:CH5=85< 2;0ABLN 8 B0: 40;55. '8B0B5;N, O 4C28BAO ?>=OB=>, GB> 5A;8 M7>B5@8G5A:0O H:>;0 ?@54?@8=8 4>;6=0 @0=> 8;8 ?>74=> ?>O28BLAO. 0:  AB0=>28BAO =587156=K38:>9 @0728B8O F828;870F88, B0: :0: 1>@L10 (:>=:C@5=F8O) <564C ;N4LAC40@AB20;LH5 CE>48B 87 2>5==>9 AD5@K 8 1>52KE 8A:CAAB2 8 ?5@5E>48B 2 >1;0ABL M:>=> M:>=><8:0 =5 65B ?>-?@56=5AB020BLAO 1574CE>2=>9. -B> A;8H:>?0A=>. '5;>25: =5 65B 68BL 157 @5;8388. '5;>25: 157 @5;8388, B.5. 157 :0:>3>-;81> >B=>H5=8O : 765=, :0: G5;>25: 157 A5@4F0. = 65B =5 7=0BL B>3>, GB> C =53> 5ABL A5@4F5; => :0: 157 @5;8388, B0: 8 157 A5@4F0 G5;>25: =5 65B ACI5AB2>20BL. .. ">;AB>9 5;838O 8 =@02AB25==>ABL AB>@8O, =0 ?@8AA88 ?>:07K205B, GB> 5A;8 ?>?KB0BLAO C40;8BL @5;838N 87 DC=401I5AB20, B> 55  70=8<C 2@5 1K;> A:>=AB@C8@>20=>, A28=G5=> 8 ?>20;5=> B>, GB> 4>;65=AB2>20;> 701>N F5@:>2L, :0: 2>48B5;L=8FC 4CH, :0: CG8B5;L=8FC 687=8, :0: 2CN >@30=870F8N. -B0 :2078F5@:>2L ?@8=O;0 >B A2>59 ?@54H5AB25==8FK 8 55 8A:>==CN 4>3;518ABL, 8 55 A8AB52>3> 2=CB@5==53> ?>4G8=5=8O, 8 55 ?@5B5=788 =0 @>;L 548=AB25==>3> 8=48:0B>@0 8AB8=K. >AB0@0;8AL 820BL 4065 B> 4CH52=>5 B5?;>, :>B>@>5 A2>9AB25==> F5@:28. 459=>5 8 AB@C:BC@=>5 548=AB2> ?0@B88 >E@0=O;>AL B0:8I04=K<8 <5@0<8, :0:8340, 2 25:0 A2>53> AB0=>2;5=8O, E@8AB80=A:0O F5@:>2L >15@530;0 A2>5 548=AB2>, 2ABC?0O 2 65AB>:CN 1>@L1C A ;N1>9 5@5ALN.  8A:;NG5=85 ?@>28=82H53>AO G;5=0 87 ;>=0 :2078F5@:28 AB0;> B0:8< 65 AB@0H=K< =0:070=85A?@8=8AL =5AG0AB=K;L 65 B@038G5A:8, :0: 2 A@54=85 25:0 2>A?@8=8AL >B;CG5=85 >B F5@:28. 0;>-?>2L 2K@01>B0;0 8 :2078:C;LB.  60;:8E :CAB0@=KE 0=B8@5;838>7=KE 2 2 4=8 F5@:>2=KE ?@074=8:>2 C?>@ 1K; 27OB B5?5@L =0 CAB@>9AB2> 3@0=48>7=KE 2KE H5AB289, ?0@04>2 8 ?>2 @52>;NF8>==KE, =0 E>@>2>5 8A?>;=5=85 ?0@B89=KE :2078?A0;2 8 :20780:0D8AB>2 8 =0 ?>:;>=5=85 :2078I0:>82H8<AO 2 :2078E@0<5 C AB5= @570 AA88 :><<C=87< AB0; :2078@5;83859, 8 : G5 ?@825;> 2A5 @>H> 7=05<. B587?0A5= =5 B>;L:> A0 A515, >= >?0A5= B5, C40;OO @5;838N, >= >A2>1>6405B  4;O ?@54AB02;5=89, 2 :>B>@KE 8=48284CC;NB=>9 F5==>ABLN.  3>AC40@AB2> 2 3>AC40@AB25==KE 8=B5@5A0E ;53:> ?@8E>48B : 01A>;NB=>9 B8@0=88. 0?04=0O 845>;>38O, 1C4CG8 01A>;NB=> 1574CE>2=>9, B5< =5 A;54=59 8=AB0=F88, 70?04=K5 845>;>38 254CB A51O B0:, :0: 1C4B> 7=0NB ?CBL : AG0ABLN 4;O 2A53> <8@0. 59 H0@ AB0; <0;5=L:8<, =0 =5A;54=89 G5;>25:, A>25@H0O A2>8  @>4 =58A:>@5=8= ?>4>15= 1;>E5; ?>A;54=89 G5;>25: 6825B 4>;LH5 2A5E. K 87>1@5;8 AG0ABL5, CB25@640NB ?>A;54=85 ;N48, ?>4<83820O. @5B 2@5<5=8 =53> O4C: MB> ?>@>6405B ?@8OB=K5 A=K.  3> O4C ?>4 :>=5F, GB>1K A9. N48 5I5 @01>B0NB, 254L @01>B0 MB> @072;5G5=85. 4=0:> >=8 AB0@0NBAO, GB>1K MB> @072;5G5=85 =5 1K;> CB><8B5;L=K 157 ?0ABK@O! A5 E>BOB >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65, 2A5 >=8 @02=K: :B> =5 A>3;0A5=, 845B 4>1@>2>;L=> 2 ?A8E80B@8G5A:CN 1>;L=8FC. 5:>340 25AL <8@ 1K; 157C2>@OB A0=G5==K5 8 ?>4<83820NB. N48 C<=K, 8 2A5, GB> ?@>8AE>48;>. -B> 405B ?@02> =0 15A:>=5G=CN 8@>=8N K 87>1@5;8 AG0ABL5, 3>2>@OB ?>A;54=85 ;N48 8 ?>4, GB> ?@>8AE>48B =0 0?045, E>@>H> >?8A0; $. 8FH5.  >AA88 65 A59G0A :><;>38O >B1@>H5=0, ?@02>A;02=0O F5@:>2L @50;L=> =5 O2;O5BAO 2;0AB8B5;57=K5 273;O4K, B> 5ABL B0 @5;838O, :>B>@0O ACI5AB2C5B A53>4=O =0 0?045, O2;O5BAO 5I5 >4=8< M;5G=>9 M:>=>=0<8, < 8 <5=546<. "0:81@07>4=O AB0=>2OBAO A0F5;LN, GB> =587156=> ?@82545B : B> B8@0=8O ?>2B>@8BAO, => C65 =5 =0 B5@@8B>@88 >4=>9 AB@0=K (!!! ), 0 2> 2A5< ;N185 5ABL 8 =07K205BAO :>@5=L 2A5< 7;K=> 459AB28B5;L=> B0:>2>, 81> ?@>872>48B =5=028ABL, E8I5=8O, 7028ABL, @07;CG5=8O, 2@064K, A?0, 65AB>:>ABL 8 C189AB20. >0== 5AB28G=8: 5AB28F0 0:>5 3>AC40@AB2> A65B A53>4=O ?@>B82>AB>OBL A8;5 45=53? ;O B>3> GB>1K ?>;CG0BL <0:A85 :>;8G5AB2> 45=53 1C45B A>740=0 845>;>38O, :>B>@0O ?@82545B : B0:>9 M:A?;C0B0F88, GB> 2A5 ?@54K4CI55 ?>:065BAO F25B>G:06=> ;8 A> 4065 C65 8 B5?5@L A>740NBAO ?@54?>AK;:8 4;O 87>1@5B5=8O A>25@H5==>3> :>=B@>;O 70 ?>2545=851@07>< 8E <KH;5=8O? 45 3@0=8FK B5H<0@=K< ?5@A?5:B820B>@K5 2>7=8:0NB ?5@54 =0H8>1@065=85@>2: B5@@>@8AB8G5A:>3> 548=>2;0AB8O 8 B5E=8:8 XXI AB>;5B8O. "8@0=8O 1C45B B5;55 01A>;NB=>9, GB> B>340 70:@>5BAO 4065 ?>A;54=89, B@038G5A:89 ?CBL 87102;5=8O: A>:@CH5=8O B8@0=88 872=5, 2 8B>35 2>5==>3> ?>@065=8O: 2>520BL 1C45B =5 A :54G8=5=K 1C4CB 2A5.  2A55 548=AB2>, ;L:8:>;5=8OB@51>202H55 AB>;L:8E 65@B2, >15@=5BAO A2>59 45=8G5A:>9 AB>@>=>9: A2>59 157KAE>4=>ABLN 2 B>2>4AB2> MB87L<CB AB02;5==8:8 B570  =0?8A0; 0=88; =4@552 5I5 2 ?OB845AOBKE 3>40E, 0 2>B GB> C65 ?@>8AE>48B A53>4=O: / =5 8A:;NG0N, GB> :81>@3870F8O =0H59 ?;0=5BK A>AB>8BAO C65 2 A;54CNI5;5B88, ?@54?>;>68; 2 B5;5D>==>2>@5 A =0@28:. >;>388 A>25@H5=AB2CNBAO B0: AB@5, GB> G5;>25: A0@5 ?@52@0B8BAO 2 @>1>B0.  ?>:0 2 H:C@5 G5;>25:0-:81>@30 4>25;>AL ?>1K20BL B>;L:> A0@28:C.  :>=F5 023CAB0 E8@C@38 2H8;8 2 ;52CN @C:C ?@>D5AA>@0 A8;8:>=>2K9 G8?, :>B>@K9 8 AB0; ?@8G8=>9 2A5E D>:CA>2 528=0. ...=5 4>AB0B>G=> 1K;> >4=>3> 271K 40BL =C6=CN :>2>@8B 0=3;8G0=8=. >A;5 MB>3> >=0 >B:@K20;0 425@8 8 706830;0 ;0;=O; @>;L ?5@540B>G=>3> 725=0 <564C <KHF0<8 @C:8 8 8=AB8BCBA:87=8:;> B>;L:> >4=> =5C4>1AB2>: B>340 O =8 H03C =5 3 ABC?8BL 157 B>3>, GB>1K 20; :> 65 2K A>18@05B5AL 45;0BL 40;LH5?  >:0 O =0H5; A?>A>1 2708459AB28O 2. > :>=5G=0O F5;L 53> 8AA;54>20=8O G5@57 G8?K A2O70BL A <0H8=0<8 73 G5;>25:0. 01>B0O =0 :> ?>;L7>20B5;L ?5@5AB0=5B ABCG0BL ?> :;0280BC@5 8;8 =068<0BL =0 AB0B>G=> 1C45B B>;L:> ?>A;0BL - =C6=CN :>=0 BCB 65 55 2K?>;=8B. ...#94CB 2 ?@>H;>5 ?0A?>@B0 8 :@548B=K5 :0@B>G:8 G5;>25:C 1C4CI53> >=8 1C4CB =8 : G5@ =560B 2 G8?, 2H8BK9 2 B5;>. 5 =C6=K 1C4CB ?@>B82>C3>==K5 CAB@>9AB20 02B>18;L =5 B@>=5BAO A 9 :>53> 2;045;LF0. 1I5AB2> ;N459-:81>@3>2 4>;6=> @07 8 =02A5340 8A:>@5=8BL ?@5ABC?=>ABL.  KG8A;8BL ?@02>=0@CH8B5;O 1C45B 3>@074> ;53G5 C15645= #>@28:, 2>@, C189F0 =5 A65B C1560BL 8;8 A:@KBLAO, ?>A:>;L:C 70 :064K H03>A;02 0@02, '5;>25:-:81>@3, >;LA:0O ?@0240, 16 >:BO1@O 1998 3. '5;>25:, =5 A65B A:@KBLAO >B 3>AC40@AB20.  GB> 40;LH5? 'B> 1C45B AG8B0BLAO ?@5ABC?;5=85AC40@AB25 ;N459-:81>@3>2? >65B BO6:8< ?@5ABC?;5=854 C;8FK =0 :@0A=K9 F25B ? > 5A;8 2682;5=85 G8?>2 1C45B 2K3>4=>, 1>NAL, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> 4>1@>2>;L=> A>3;0A8BAO =0 MB>. C;LB 45=53 A45;05B A2>5 45;>. 8:>;09 5@4O52 5I5 2 4204F0BKE 3>40E =0H53> 25:0 ?8H5B: A;8 @0=55 G5;>25: =0E>48;AO 2 7028A8AB8 >B ?@8@>4K, 5A;8 A:C4=0 1K;0 53> 687=L 2 A8;C MB>9 7028A8AB8, B> 87>1@5B5=85 <0H8=K 8 B0 B>@>9 MB> A>?@>2>6405BAO, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >1>30I05B, =>, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K, A>7405B =>2CN D>@<C 7028A8AB8 8 @01AB20, 3>@074> 1>;55 A8;L=>3>, G5, :>B>@>5 GC2AB2>20;>AL >B =5?>A@54AB25==>9 7028A8AB8 G5;>25:0 >B ?@8@>4K. 0:0O-B0 B08=AB25==0O A8;0, :0: 1K GC640O G5;>25:C 8 A09 ?@8@>45, 2E>48B 2 G5;>25G5A:CN 687=L, :0:>9-B> B@5B89 M;54=K9 8 =5 G5;>25G5A:89, ?>;CG05B AB@0H=CN 2;0ABL 8 =04 G5;>25:>4>9. -B0 =>20O AB@0H=0O A8;0 @07;0305B ?@8@>4=K5 D>@25:0. =0 ?>425@305B G5;>25:0 ?@>F5AAC @0AG;5=5=8O, @0745;5=8O, 2 A8;C :>B>@>3> G5;>25: :0: 1K ?5@5AB05B 1KBL ?@8@>4=K< :0:84=O E@8AB80=AB2> 8 =0 0?045 8 2 >AA88 =5 65B ?@>B82>AB>OBL =>2>H;>7=0:><82H8AL A 5@B2K<8 4CH03>;O, ?@>D5AA>@ ?@>B>8@59 .. 5=L:>2A:89 ?8A0;: !>2@5H;K5 8 1C4CI85 '8G8:>2K MB> =5 ?@>AB> 45;LFK, G5=8 2=5H=5 O2;ONBAO, >=8 =0E>4OBAO ?>4 >1>;LI5=8530BAB20; 2 8E B@572>7=0=88 >=8 8 @> :@5?:> C15645=K, GB> 687=L =5 65B 1KBL 8=>9. A:0=85 1>30BAB20 5ABL 8E @5;838O... !B@51>30I5=8N 3;02=K9 D0:B>@ M:>=>3> ?@>3@5AA0 2@>?K =0 2A5N ?5G0BL.  35=80;L=>1>1I5=88, :>B>@K9 40; >3>;L 2 '8G8:>25... A ?>;=>9 OA=>ABLN 2KABC?05B @07@CH5=85 4CH52=>9 687=8, A2O70==>5 A MB84> 4;O '8G8:>20, GB> :>340 >= 3>2>@8; > 4>1@>45B5;8, >= C= M:A?;C0B8@>20; 2 B5E 8;8 8=KE 68B59A:8E F5;OE (=04 :>B>@K 2A572KH0;0AL 25@E>2=0O F5;L >1>30I5=85) A04=> H;>3> 25:0. '5;>25:, 682CI89 =0 M:20B>@5 8;8 =0 ?>;NA5, @CAA:89 ;8 <C68:, 8;8 8=485F, :8B05F, ?0?C0A, 0@01, BC@: G5;>25G5A:85 @07=>284=>AB8, 8 >A>15==>AB8 8E A01KB=>9 4CE>2=>9 687=8 =8G53> =5 7=0G0B 4;O 3@>7=>3> ?>@O4:0, :>B>@K9 845B =0 2A5E A >48=0:>2K< 65;0=859 MB>9 @07=>>1@07=59H59 A01KB=>AB8 =0 A2>9 >4=>>1@07=K9 8 1574CH=K9 >1@075F... -B> 845B :0?8B0;87<, <5@:0=B8;87AB>-=0?@>AB> >A?>48= C?>=. .. #A?5=A:89 > =5 AB>8B 84B8 ?> B> :>B>@>H;8 :><GC2AB2>202 MBC >?0A=>ABL, >=8 @5H8;8 C?@074=8BL 8 M:>=> MB> 89 65 AB<5=0 <0B5=K, :0: 8 ?>;>65=> 70:>=0B0BL, =5 206=> 70:>=K ;8 MB> D878:8 8;8 70:>=K M:>=> 8A?>;L7CO M:>=>=K B>;L:> 4;O ;8G=>3> >1>30I5=8O, 4825:0 4> ?>;>65=8O 0B> O 4C<0N, 20, :0: 8 G5=L ?>=@028BAO. 0: G5;>25:0 ?>AB028;8 =0 ?>;>65=85 0B><<C=8ABK <K A 20<8 C65 7=05 A45;05B :C;LB 45=53, =08B 5I5 C2845BL. 07=8F0 70:;NG05BAO B>;L:> 2 B> :><<C=8ABK 2 :0G5AB25 3> ?>;O 8A?>;L7>20;8 845N A25B;>3> :><3> 1C4CI53>, 0 :0?8B0;8ABK 845N :>@B=>3> :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> A53>4=O. A;8 ?@>4>;68BL 0=0;>38N A 0B><0 6=> A:070BL, GB> 5ABL G0AB8FK 70@O65==K5 >B@8F0B5;L=>, ?>;>68B5;L=> 8 =59B@0;L=K5, 70@O65==K5 ?>;>68B5;L=> ?>4 459AB285< 3> ?>;O 42830NBAO 2 >4=>B@8F0B5;L=> 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>B>:.  ?>A;54=55, MB8 G0AB8FK 42830OAL, 3CB A>25@H0BL @01>BC. >?@>A B>;L:> 2 GL8E 8=B5@5A0E.  2 :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:><3> :>3>-B> ?@>AB> =5B, 2A5 45;05BAO @048 01AB@0:B=KE 8459, 2 >4=>9 45:@0B88, 2 4@C3>3> :><3> 1C4CI53>. !:>@55 2A53> 45;> >1AB>8B B0:, GB> 5A;8 2 >4=C AB>@>=C 42865=85 : :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>9 B8@0=88, 0 2 4@C3><9, B> =5>1E>48 =0G0BL 42830BLAO ?5@?5=48:C;O@=>. 15 MB8 @5;8388 >48=0:>2K ?;>E8, >15 0B58AB8G=K, 4;O >158E G5;>25: A@54AB2>. =4CAB@80;L=K9 :0?8B0;87< F828;870F88 1K; 8AB@518B5;5AB8, 8AB@518B5;5259H8E 2@530, >=0 1K;0 A09 1571>6=>9 F828;870F859. B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?@5ABC?;5=85 1>3>C189AB20 ;568B =0 =59, 0 =5 =0 @52>;NF8>==>F80;87B>@K9 ;8HL CA2>8; A515 4CE 1C@6C07=>9 F828;870F88 8 ?@8=O; >B@8F0B5;L=>5 55 =0A;5485. . 5@4O52 >;O : 687=8 8 2>;O : :C;LBC@5 ><<C=87< 0?8B0;87 A53>4=O =0ABC?8;> 2@5<O :0?8B0;87<0, 2A5 ;OBAO MB>3C.  4204F0B>4>;605B C:@5?;OBLAO =>20O @5;838O :C;LB 45=53, :>B>@0O 2KB5A=O5B E@8AB80=AB2>. A?><=8?@>A (0B>1@80=0: 0:>20 65 B0 @5;838O, :>B>@0O 70? # N@:359 ?>;=>ABLN 3>B>2>3> >B25B0. = >4=0:> 7=0; =5:>B>@K5 25I8, :>B>@K5 C:07K20;8 ?CBL. !:065 >=0 3;0 1K 1KBL 704C9 A?5F80;8AB>2 8 @0A?@>AB@0=5=0 ?>A@54AB2>;;5:B82=>3> 2=CH5=8O 8 =0A8;8O. -B0 1K;0 1K >4=0 87 B5E @5;8389, :>B>@K5 O =0720; ?@>D0==K=8 ?@8=C640NB ;8G=>ABL @53@5AA8@>20BL 2 C3>4C B>;?5 8 830B0 A>2@5@8O. !. >A:>28G8, 0H8=0, B2>@OI0O 1>3>2 > ?>G5AA88 E@8AB80=AB2> >:070;>AL ?>15645==K<9 845>;>3859 8 =K >B:070;8AL >B E@8AB80=AB20? >G5 2KE>;>I5=> 2A5 459AB28B5;L=> 4CE>2=>5 8 8@@0F8>=0;L=>5? 5@54:> A;KH8HL: %@8AB80=AB2> =5 C40;>AL. 0 5A;8 1K >=> 2A5 1K;> 2 ?@>H;><, 6=> 1K;> 1K 3>2>@8BL, GB> 2 A>F80;L=>< 8 2A5-8AB>@8G5A:>B=>H5=88 >=> =5 C40;>AL. 5;838O =5 C40;0AL. 0, 5A;8 1K @5;838>7=>5 B2>@G5AB2> G5;>25G5AB20 8AG5@?0;>AL B5 C65 A>740=>, @5;838O 2 B>;L:> GB> C?>< A =5 C40;0AL 1K.  ?>:0 A?@0254;82> 3>2>@8BL B>;L:> B0:: 4>18BLAO ACI5AB25==>3> CF80;L=>3> 7;0 AB0@K5 @5;8388 =5 3;8, B0: :0: =5 @0A?>;030;8 =5>1E>48<K3> <0B5@80;L=K<8 A@54AB20BACBAB285 MB8E A@54AB2 2K720;> 8E >B@8F0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 :> 2A54>1=K?KB:0<. -B843>B>2;5= 157@5;838>7=K9 MB0? F828;870F88.  XVIII 25:5 ?@>1C48;0AL A>F80;L=0O A>25ABL. !>F80;L=0O 48A30@=8O 1K;0 =0:>=5F ?@>GC2AB2>20=0 8 >A>7=0=0, :0: =5GB> =54>?CAB85, >A:>@1;ONI55, B@51CNI55 ?@5>4>;5=8O. >=5G=>, MB> =0E>48;>AL 2 A2O78 A B5 =0G0;8 ?>O2;OBLAO =5 4>AB0202H85 4;O MB>3>  AB0@K5 @5;8388 =5 AC3> ?>=OBL, =5 70E>B5;8 MB8<8 A@54AB20A?>;L7>20BLAO, =5 ?>65;0;8 2>73;028BL ?@>F5AA0 A>F80;L=>3> ?@5>1@07>20=8O, 8 8 2 MB>9 :>A=>AB8, 2 MB>9 C9 ;5=8, 2 MB>9 8459=>9 =5?>4286=>AB8 8 C7>AB8 8E BO3G09H0O 28=0. 5;838O 48A:@548B8@>20;0 A51O A2>59 25:>2>9 15A?>I=>ABLN 2 MB>B=>H5=88, 8 =5 ?@8E>48BAO C482;OBLAO ?@>B82>?>;>6=>9 :@09=>AB8, 2 :>B>@CN 2?0;0 2@>?0, 0 70B5=B8=5=BK: ?@5>1@07>20=85 >1I5AB20 G8AB> <5E0=8G5A:8<8 A@54AB20;=>B:075 >B 4CE>2=>9 AB>@>=K B>3> 65 ?@>F5AA0. 5G53>, :>=5G=>, C482;OBLAO 8 8B>3C: ?>B@OA5=8O<, :0:8E =5 2840; <8@, <0AHB010340 =5 @8A>20;8AL 4065 2 1@54C, 8 B0:>3> C@>2=O, A076=>ABL :>B>@>3> 2 XX 25:5 ?@54AB02;O5BAO 4> A8E ?>@ 38< 9 8 B@038G5A:>9 70304:>9. 0 AB0@K5 @5;8388 ?0405B 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8 >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 3;C18=C 8 C?>@AB2> ?>A;54CNI53> 157@5;838>7=>3> MB0?0, 70 4CE>2=CN AC4L1C =>2 4CH, :>B>@K5, @048 1>@L1K 70 A?@0254;82>5 CAB@>9AB2>, ?@>B82>?>AB02;O;8 A51O @5;8388 2>>1I5 8 MB8@=8 A2>53> 1KB8O 87 ;>=0 2>9 4CE>2=>AB8. 0=88; =4@552 >70 <8@0 @C38204=OH=OO @5;838O, A?>A>1=0O ?@>B82>AB>OBL :C;LBC 45=53, >AB020OAL 8;8 B>G=55 2>72@0I0OAL : 4CE>2=>;6=0 1KBL >G5=L MDD5:B82=>9 2 M:>=>< A<KA;5. !2059 @0:B8G5A:>9 2540=B5 ?8H5B, GB> @5;838O 4>;6=0 1KBL ?@0:B8G=>9, B.5. 4>ABC?=>9 2 :0G5AB25 @C:>2>4AB20 2 ?>2A54=52=>9 687=8. . "8E>2 "@0:B0BK '5;>25:, 8A?>254CNI89 MBC, A53>4=OH=NN @5;838N, =5A> >1;040O 2KA>:>9 4CE>2=>ABLN, 4>;65= 1KBL ;CGH8< ?@54?@8=8<0B5;5@8N G5;>25G5AB20. 5>1E>48 =5 871530BL 45=53, 0 ?>AB028BL 8E =0 B> , :>B>@>5 >=8 70A;C6820NB, B>65 A05 > 5004.10 () . 407 qtek . - 2113 1 1000 ielts